如何“俘获”雅思考官的好感?
日期:2020-05-05
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提起英语各项技能,我们总能很快地意识到一个事实:语言输入能力大于输出能力,口语技能尤其拖后腿。对于刷分不断、苦不堪言的烤鸭们来说,口语万年5或5.5已是常态。
提起英语各项技能,我们总能很快地意识到一个事实:语言输入能力大于输出能力,口语技能尤其拖后腿。对于刷分不断、苦不堪言的烤鸭们来说,口语万年5或5.5已是常态。手捧成绩单,内心翻江倒海,思前想后,开始脑补:我颜值高,我注重仪表,我表情管理到位,我肢体语言丰富……全程露出灿烂阳光般的笑脸,拥有如此多人格魅力的我为何都没有感化考官?对于这些小细节的注意,作为多年从事一线教学的口语老师,我的确想给大家一个大大的 “thumb-up”,因为第一印象在任何时候都非常重要。可是要搏得考官好感,我们需要下功夫的细节不是让自己做一个“drama queen” ,也不是吃力不讨好地“背诵范文三百遍,看我流利何其现”,最重要的是要将心思花在如何提高自身的 “硬实力”上,包括语言组织和逻辑思维等。因此,要提高口语分数,我们需要找准一条正确的备战路径,从而实质性地去解决问题,指导实战练习。那么,正确的、宝贵的guideline究竟是什么?我必须告诉大家,获得考官好感度的秘诀核心尽在评分标准中。知己知彼,才能百战不殆,即知道考官想听到什么,我们就按照Ta所期待的去回答。根据口语的四项评分标准,老师将为大家一一来细说四项必能获得考官青睐的要诀:Speak at length and be logical
Use lexical collocations appropriately
Use a wide range of sentence structures and tenses naturally and appropriately
Use a full range of pronunciation features with precision
Rule 1 Speak at length and be logical
在官方的Band Descriptor中,我们会看到关于这项标准,6分及6分以上都有一条描述,“Speak at length”。它代表的是一种交流的意愿,是对话题的拓展能力。实际上,口语考试的核心就是交流。保持谈话的进行。无论何时,当我们在和别人交流时,我们都希望对方完整地回答自己提出的问题,不是吗?口语考试也是如此,只不过切换到一个不同的场景,是我们自己在回答问题,拓展关于我们自身或已有的一些经历,或给出个人观点。其次,我们的回答必须符合逻辑。内容上,避免跳跃式思考,说法不连贯;结构上,适当使用连接词及衔接手段。以下是无法体现“Speak at length”这项能力的考生回答。以Part 1的三道题目为例:Q: Do you think English is a difficult language to learn? (Yes or No question)Q: How often do you use a smart phone? (Question of Frequency)A: “Of course, every day.”Q: What is your favorite physical exercise?” (Question of Kind)以上三个回答反映了很多考生典型的特征,要么是 “one-word answer”, 要么是 “one- sentence answer”,惜字如金,点到为止,自我放弃向考官展现语言能力的机会。当然,有的考生并非自愿“不合作”,只是思路匮乏,短时间内实在想不出如何去延伸。请记住,考官一天接触那么多考生,他们不想总要问 “为什么?”以及“如何?”。所以,我们应该给出充分、完整的回答,使他们的工作轻松一些。换言之,“Please don’t be lazy! Don’t be boring!” 这样,才能给他们留下好感,把握住获得高分的突破口。那么如何运用第一条要诀?在层出不穷的思路中,我想重点给大家介绍四种万能且好用的拓展方法,分别是 Example (E), Detail (D) , Reason(R), Feeling(F)。仍然以刚才三个题目为例,我们一起来看看充分拓展后的高分回答。在实际运用中大家可以根据自身的情况灵活建立组合模式。(以下括号中大写字母表示拓展方法;下划线部分表示答题的逻辑结构。)Q: Do you think English is a difficult language to learn?A: “Yes, definitely! It’s so difficult to memorize all the words, especially the long words. (F+D) Plus, the grammar is tricky because of the tenses, the prepositions and stuff like that. (F+D+R) And whenever I speak, I don’t feel as comfortable as when I use my native language. (E+F) Anyway, it’s quite challenging.” (F)Q: How often do you use a smart phone?A: “Surely, on a daily basis. I turn on my smart phone every morning to surf the Internet. (E+D) As a routine, I frequently read the news online and chat with my friends. (E+D) Occasionally, I download music or movies. (E) You see, I really use my mobile a lot so as not to feel like amisfit. ” (F)Q: What is your favorite physical exercise?”A: “For me, I’m addicted to yoga. (E) I really enjoy it because it’s relaxing and very wholesome. (R+F) Actually, I practice every day and attend lessons twice a week at a gym near my house. (D) By the way, it’s a great chance for me to exercise, and forget about my daily problems at the same time.” (R+F)从改进的高分回答中,我们会发现让一个句子听起来完整的最简单方式就是使用连接词,对此不熟练的烤鸭可以使用语法书来练习连词的用法。另外,始终记得提供更多的信息,对内容加以合理长度的拓展,尝试3-4句的回应(切忌“过度回答”,过度回答会打断考官的节奏,造成不适感),而不是每个人的回答都一样,并且太短。所以正确运用好这条法则,让考官看到我们的英文水平远好于此。Rule 2 Use lexical collocations appropriately
雅思口语的第二项评分标准是词汇量。展现词汇广度的重要性不言而喻,我们必须能够谈论各种话题,练习描述周围的人、事、物。扩大词汇量最好的方式是积累同义词(synonyms),避免重复,准确地进行同义替换,这是我们再熟悉不过的得分点。但是,在这里我要提醒大家的是,如何恰当使用词语搭配让我们的答案锦上添花呢?烤鸭们常常把太多的focus放到使用单个的高级词汇上,却忽视了正确进行词语搭配对表达出流畅地道英文的重要性。实际上,英语中任何一个词都有其特定的搭配。若能恰当得体的使用collocations,我们的英文不仅听起来不那么中式化,而且也给有听觉疲劳的考官带来焕然一新之感,因为正是这些点睛之笔使我们的答案由common变得classy。以下我给出三组回答模式,大家通过比较可以体会出collocations带来的良好效果。Q: What do you like to do in your leisure time?A: I love/like….. (Common)A: Recently I’m really into paper cutting, and piano is also my thing. Also, I take a fancy to playing video games in spare time, yeah, like what most teenagers do…(Classy)be into/…my thing/take a fancy to 喜欢Q: Do you have something that you’re good at?A: Well, I think I’m good at….. (Common)A: I think I’m cut out for basketball. You know what, I can always score a goal whoever I play basketball with. I mean, it’s like a no-brainer to me. So definitely, I suppose this kind of sport is my strong suit. (Classy)A: Yes, I do. I can be relaxed by doing… (Common)A: Absolutely. I listen to all kinds of music, let’s say, some BGM from movies. Whenever I come home from a long day and I feel so worn out, it can help me ease my mind and find inner peace. (Classy)以上使用的词语搭配中没有一个难词,都是些再简单不过的词汇,可是组合后,它们所达到的效果完全不逊色于使用大词,难词。说到这里,我要提醒喜欢使用一些生僻词汇的考生,尽管在雅思高分段使用less common used words 能获得加分,但为此生搬硬套生词、词组则是本末倒置。我们要做到的是多归纳最常用的词及它们的搭配,比如从英文影视剧,当代英文读物中去积累。然后,在特定的语境中使用,展现出原汁原味的口语,从而获得考官芳心。Rule 3 Use a wide range of sentence structures and tenses naturally and appropriately
雅思口语的第三项评分标准是语法的多样化与准确度。这是很多考生容易失分的环节。从头到尾用简单句,还有万年不变的一般现在时、主谓宾、主动语态,这样很难给与考官听觉的刺激。如果我们想获得6分或更高的分数,向考官展示语法上的各种时态和结构必不可少。首先,我们来说说句子结构的多样性。简单句、并列句、复合句的交错使用是最理想的情况。其中从句的正确使用是广大烤鸭的痛点。主从复合句在三个Part中都应按照一定的比重合理出现,尤其对Part3来说更为重要。其次,关于时态的丰富性。多数考生往往在口语表达中连续使用同样的时态,总之非常单一化。这样无法显现出我们具备运用复杂语言的能力。由于很少有强调口语表达中做到时态使用正确并且多样化的论述,这就导致考生经常遗忘这点。老师在这里要提醒大家的是,英文与中文不同,英语句子必须要通过语法变化反映出时态概念。所以要打动考官,我们还要学会准确地驾驭不同的动词时态。其实,雅思口语考试中几乎所有问题都可以使用特定时态进行表达。口语考试本质上是一场语言测试,所以除了内容,我们运用语法的能力仍然很重要。以下我将以Part3的相关问题和回答为例,来说明句子结构和时态的多样性对分数的影响。若适当运用从句,选择多种时态混用,我们的语言听起来会更加灵活和深刻。Q:What problems do you think the increasing aging population in the workforce will cause in the future? (题目出现将来时)A: I think it will cause a number of issues, such as a strain on medical resources and welfare benefits. More doctors, nurses, pharmacists and old age carers will be needed…….(语法单一化)A:The fact that (同位语从句) the elderly will outnumber the workforce in the not so distant future will (一般将来时) give rise to a number of issues such as a strain on medical resources and welfare benefits. By this I mean, what will be needed are (主语从句) more doctors, nurses, pharmacists and old age carers, yet (并列句)the workforce will not be large enough due to a drop in the birth rate. Secondly, taxpayers will also have a heavy burden as (状语从句)they’ll be expected to support pensioners in terms of medical bills, accommodation and general living expenses. On the whole, by decades later, it’ll have become(将来完成时) a tall order for society to overcome this future obstacles. (语法多样化)Q:Do you think education has changed much since your parents were young?(题目出现过去时)A: Exactly, it has changed. Firstly, in the past, they only had paper, pen and chalkboards. However, nowadays we have…… (语法单一化)A: A prime example is technology which (定语从句)in the past was(一般过去时)unheard of; these days we have and also are making (现在进行时) use of computers, e-learning, teaching through PowerPoint presentations, dictionaries on CD-ROM, and past lessons recorded on mp3. In stark contrast, my parents only had paper, pen and chalkboards. A direct result of this kind of technology is an overall improvement in education standards. Another difference is that (表语从句)nowadays there is no more corporal punishment allowed in the classroom. (语法多样化)总之,为了凸显语法的多样性,我们要有意识地增加时态的用法,同样也要学会自如地变换不同的英文句子结构。习惯成自然。烤鸭们先从良好地运用基本语法开始,再逐渐地构建起复杂的语法结构。对于考官而言,这将说明考生在语法方面基础牢固,有能力进行更复杂的讨论。Rule 4 Use a full range of pronunciation features with precision
第四项评分标准是发音。我们都知道发音要做到清晰,语速适中,让考官能跟得上我们的思维。但这只是最基本的要求。因为考官听懂了发音并不意味着我们就能获得高分。听懂不等于听得舒服,听得自然。因此,我们还需要使用一系列Pronunciation features(发音特征) 包括:Chunking (组块),Stress(重音),Intonation(语调)和Connected Speech(连读)。在这几项特征中,烤鸭最陌生的要数chunking。什么是chunking?它对于雅思口语的影响究竟有多大?组块(chunking)是指说话者为听者暂停和组块信息,说话者将句子分为“块”,可能是单个的词或一组词,用以传达思想或想法,或强调说话者认为重要的信息。如果发音时不使用chunking,就会造成理解障碍,考官接收来自考生的信息过多或过少。简单地说,chunking告诉我们把握好停顿的节奏非常重要。改善发音必然要经历模仿。那么如何具体在实战中尽可能多地体现不同发音特征呢?我建议大家分两步走。确定好合适的练习材料后(比如剑桥雅思听力系列),第一步先从文本入手,自己先标出各项features,再一句一句播放音频去核实。确认每一个点都正确以后,再通过跟读进行掌握;下一步训练是录音。录音后回听自己的发音,发现问题要及时矫正,然后继续模仿。最好的方法就是重复不断的模仿一篇材料,直至脱口而出再练习新的材料。如此循环反复,整体发音质量必将有质的飞跃。以上,希望大家能将这些法则牢记于心,并真正做到运用娴熟。总而言之,一切以评分标准为指南,去掉枯燥化,模板化,和投机取巧式的回答。坚持练习,积跬步,至千里。最后祝大家都能在口语考试中游刃有余,自如自信地与考官交流,获得其好感,实现高分目标。